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The book includes 2chapters:

Chapter 1. Tourism Economics (Impact of Tourism on the World Economics, Economic Relations in Tourism Sectors , Tourist Motivation and Peculiarities of the Tourist Market, as that of a Service Market, Demand for Tourist Products, Supply of a Tourist Product and Price Mechanism, Kinds of Economic Impact of Tourism, Tourism Satellite Accounts, TSA);

Chapter 2. Tourism Policy and Legislative Base (Planning and Sustainable Development Policy of Tourism, International and State Policy of Tourism, Legislative Base, State Policy and Developmental Perspectives of Tourism in Georgia (Trends of Tourism Development, State Policy and Legislative Base of Tourism, Identifying the Role of Tourism in the Economics of the Country and Empirical Data, Opportunities to Develop Tourism in Georgia, Tourism Policy and Strategic Trends to Develop Tourism in Georgia (Recommendations)), The Role of Government and Legislative Base on the Example of the UK, International Policy of Protection of Cultural Heritage, Protection of the Rights of Tourist Products and Service users in EU Countries.

The book also contains Annexes: Charter of Tourism, Global Code of Tourism Ethics, Hague Declaration on Tourism, Manila Declaration on World Tourism, International Hotel Convention National Tourist Organizations in World Countries, International Currencies, International Airports Codes, Airline Codes, Countries with Bilateral Agreements with Georgia about a Visa-free Travel for Diplomatic, Service or Special Passport Holders, Number of Tourists in Georgia from Different Countries (in 2000-2010), Legislative Acts on Tourism, International Tourism Acts, Info-tours for Foreign Media Representatives (2010), Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols, to which Georgia is a Party, English-Georgian Explanatory Dictionary of Tourism Terms.

Editorial Board:

Mikhail Jibuti – Doctor of Economics, Professor
Irina Gogorishvili – Doctor of Economics, Professor
David Onoprishvili – Doctor of Economics
Mari Tsereteli – Doctor of philology, Professor
Nazira Kakulia – Doctor of Economics, Professor

Photos – Avtandil Metreveli
Translation – Eka Kikvadze

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The book includes 4 chapters:

Chapter 1. Tourism and Hospitality Industry (Tour Organization (Tour-operating), Means of Transportation, Accommodation, Attractions and Animation in Tourism);

Chapter 2. Tourism Management (Management of Tourism Organizations , Organizational Behavior in Tourism, Human Resource Management, Financial Management of Tourism, E-business Management of Tourism, Environmental Impact of Tourism and Environmental Management, Globalization of Economics and Integration Processes of the Management of Tourism Organizations, Tourism Safety, Peace, the Precondition for the Tourism Development);

Chapter 3. Tourism Marketing (Concept of Marketing in Tourism Industry, Relationship of Marketing with the Strategies to Develop the Organizational Competitive Advantage, Management of an Organization Brand in the Set of Marketing Measures in Tourism Industry, Principles to Create a Competitive Brand in Tourism Industry, Role of Branding in Promoting the Tourist Service and Competitiveness of an Organization, Distribution of Tourism, Marketing Management of a Tourist Enterprise);

Chapter 4. Tourist Resources of Georgia.

The book also contains Annexes: World Hotel Chains Popular World Attractions , Hotel Symbols (Pictograms), Regular International Tourist Exhibitions, Religious Monuments of Tbilisi, Religious Sanctities in Georgia, Monuments of Georgia in Georgian Cities and Regions, Georgian Health-resorts, Natural Monuments of Georgia (caves), Universal Tourism Abbreviations, English-Georgian Explanatory Dictionary of Tourism Terms.

Editorial Board:

Mikhail Jibuti – Doctor of Economics, Professor
Irina Gogorishvili – Doctor of Economics, Professor
David Onoprishvili – Doctor of Economics
Mari Tsereteli – Doctor of philology, Professor
Nazira Kakulia – Doctor of Economics, Professor

Photos – Avtandil Metreveli
Translation – Eka Kikvadze

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Edited by
Omar Moufakkir
International Center for Peace through Tourism Research Stenden University
Ian Kelly
University of South Australia Australia

CABI is a trading name of CAB International

CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA
Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org E-mail: cabi-nao@cabi.org Website: www.cabi.org
© CAB International 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tourism, progress, and peace / edited by Omar Moufakkir.
p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-677-8 (alk. paper)
1. Tourism. 2. Tourism–Social aspects. I. Moufakkir, Omar. II. Title.
G155.A1T5924345 2010
338.4’.791–dc22
2009050371

ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 677 8

Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Production editor: Fiona Harrison
Typeset by Columns Design, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group, Bodmin.

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The English-Georgian Explanatory Dictionary of Tourism Terms includes the terms and phrases (about 7.000 items) of tourism and such related fields, as: insurance, traffic, accommodation, attractions, catering, travel, cultural and natural monuments; ecology; tourism industry; tourism infrastructure; tourist service; tourist arrangements; professions, training and employment in the field of tourism; tourism sectors; tourism economy; tourism legislation; tourism policy; tourism advertisement, etc.

The dictionary also includes appendices, which can be widely used by tourism practitioners, scientists, teachers and students, as well as any person interested in tourism. The appendices include: universally used abbreviations; permanent international tourist exhibitions; codes of cities and international airports; codes of airlines; local time in capitals worldwide; world currencies (coins and ISO codes); list of hotel-networks worldwide (web-sites); international holidays, festivals, carnivals (web-sites); Georgian resorts (resources and curative capacities); religious buildings of Tbilisi (all confessions; list of addresses); Georgian architectural monuments in cities and regions of Georgia (for each monument, the administrative center and distance from Tbilisi is given), etc.

British Library Integrated Catalog

Foreword

The major problems of the economic development arise due to the lack of the unitary terminology and need for correct understanding and definition of the necessary terms and syntagms.

Present-day Georgian tourism suffers a number of hardships. However, it has gained recognition worldwide and its development is based on clear industrial objectives. The development of tourism in Georgia depends to a large extent on the elaboration of unitary terms and definitions compatible with the English analogues. Both internationally and locally, the sector of tourism largely depends on information, which is necessary for the elaboration of policy and steady development of tourism.  Recently, the quantity of information about the industry of tourism has increased throughout the world. Electronic documentation systems in the given field have developed to a great extent. Correspondingly, the demand of customers for available information has increased.

The present book aims at obtaining certain data necessary for the encouragement of exchange and creation of the unitary language in the tourism field both in Georgia and internationally. The author has undergone certain difficulties herself while working on her original and translated manuals on tourism. The difficulties were caused by the lack of appropriate terms and absence of the appropriate dictionary in the given field. The author hopes that the given dictionary will facilitate the work of her colleagues.

The English-Georgian Explanatory Dictionary of Tourism Terms has been compiled based on the universal experience and close collaboration with Georgian and foreign experts in the given sector.

It should be stressed that the present book is the first attempt of compiling an explanatory dictionary of tourism in Georgia as well as worldwide. The author intends to revise and update the book on a regular basis, so that it reflects the evolution of tourism terms and finds proper Georgian terms in this field.

Unlike dictionaries published abroad, the given book gives definitions of all the economic terms that are directly or indirectly linked with the sector of tourism. The author supposes that the synthesis of these specific and universal attitudes will represent tourism as a complex of sectors.

The author views tourism not as a separate field, but as a semantic axis, which unites several semantic fields. This enables the reader to fully evaluate each element of the ample lexical material. This approach to the phenomenon of tourism has enabled the author to select terms from the following tourism-related activities: Insurance; Transportation; Expositions and trade-fairs; Accommodation; Entertainment (attractions); Food; Science and information; Traveling; World geography (countries and groups of countries); Health care; Cultural and natural monuments; Sports fields; Professionals of tourism; Trainings and employment; Tourism industry; The infrastructure of tourism; Tourist service; Tourist activities; The sectors of tourism; The ecology of the tourism sector; The economy of the tourism sector; The legislation of the tourism sector; The policy of the tourism sector; Advertising and promotion of tourism.

The book is based on the existing dictionaries of tourism and service, recently published abroad. However, the given book is not a mere translation. Rapid evolution of tourism demands precise understanding of the terms and constant updating of their content. These factors were taken into account while working on the collected material.

The methodology aimed at avoiding the automatic Georgian translation of the terms or their direct usage. Therefore, the terms taken from the existing dictionaries were often changed, taking into consideration the given period and the peculiarities of a given country. Yet, the author based her work on the definitions adopted by the World Tourism Organization. The dictionary is meant both for professionals and non-professionals. It can be used by every person interested in tourism and traveling.

The chief difficulty while defining the terms in the specific field is to determine the quantity of information. This quantity should embrace the words and phrases which constitute the language of the given field. The following questions arise in this relation:

_   Should we adopt a narrow, clearly outlined concept of tourism, which systematically excludes all that is non-specific to the given field?

or

_   Should we adopt a broader concept of tourism, which integrates tourism into such fields as economics, heredity, culture, sociology, law, politics, etc. Should tourism be viewed as a `Rubric“or `Aspect“ of various types of activities?

The above problem is less acute in the field of specialized technical activities where the contours of the field are easy to define and where the vocabulary is restricted. Contrary to this, it is very difficult to outline the contours of tourism, since its aspects and its related fields are much broader than tourism itself.  In fact, tourism is interlinked with other social activities of broader scale. If we define tourism only as a leisurely activity that takes place during vacations, we will restrict the concept.

The related fields add to the definition of the phenomenon of modern tourism. Hence, the author makes use of certain terms from the related fields, e.g. purely economic terms that are directly linked to tourism as a sector of economy.

The terms are given in the form of nouns and syntagms (combinations of nouns and their accompanying adjectives). Abbreviations are not used as descriptors; their definitions are given in a separate appendix.

The dictionary includes numerous compound terms, which are a part of tourism lexis and, therefore, should be included in the description of various forms of tourism. In certain (rare) cases, these terms are comprised of three or more words i.e. phrases.  All the other descriptors are comprised of one or two words.

All Georgian descriptors are given in the singular with the exception of a few units. Gerunds are used to define certain activities and processes. Adjectives, adverbs and verbs are never given as separate terms.

The dictionary contains approximately 7 000 terms and phrases. The terms are arranged in English alphabetic order. Descriptors are given in bold print and are accompanied by linguistic equivalents and definitions. Some terms are accompanied by a list of descriptor groups. The descriptor given in the beginning of the group is a general term and is printed in bold, e.g.

Advertisement, ad – advertisement, announcement of advertising character

Consumer ~ – consumer-oriented advertisement;

Media ~ - advertisement placed in media;

Selective ~ – advertisement targeted at a certain group of consumers.

Appendices constitute an important part of the dictionary. They contain additional information and help tourist companies and persons engaged in tourism to compile tourist routes, select objects according to the tourists’ demand, contact embassies or consulates, give competent advice to tourists and offer them interesting service. The appendices include the following chapters:

1.   Geography (countries and groups of countries);

2.   Universally-used abbreviations;

3.   Permanent international tourist exhibitions;

4.   Codes of cities and international airports;

5.   Codes of airlines;

6.   Local time in capitals worldwide;

7.   International telephone codes;

8.   World currencies (coins and ISO codes);

9.   International and national popular festivals;

10. International and national religious holidays;

11. Georgian religious holidays;

12. National holidays (independence days);

13. The list of hotel-networks worldwide (web-sites);

14. Types of hotel services (symbols and pictograms)

15. Universal holidays, festivals, carnivals (web-sites);

16. Foreign embassies and representations of international organizations in Georgia (addresses, telephone-numbers and e-mails);

17. Diplomatic representations of Georgia abroad (addresses, telephone-numbers and e-mails);

18. Georgian resorts (108 resorts, resources and curative capacities);

19. Religious buildings of Tbilisi (all confessions; list of addresses);

20. Georgian architectural monuments in cities and regions of Georgia (per each monument administrative center and distance from Tbilisi is given);

21. Corresponding sizes of clothes in different countries;

22. A chart of measurement units.

The author is extremely grateful to all those persons who have assisted her in the process of compiling the given dictionary:

1.  Zaira Gudushauri- Doctor of Economics, Professor (economics)

2.  Gia Kajaia – Doctor of Biological Scienced, Professor (ecology)

3.  Sandro Maruashvili- Doctor of Historical Sciences (Architectural Monuments of Georgia)

4.  Nana Djakobia – Tbilisi balneal resort – Head doctor of balneology, physiotherapy, rehabilitation and curative tourism (resorts)

5.  Juri Sukhitashvili- Vice Professor at Tbilisi Aviation University (traffic)

6.  Tamar Chilingarashvili- Doctor of Medical Sciences (curative toruism)

7.  Manana Vasadze – Head teacher at Tbilisi Technical University, expert (accommodation, catering)

8.  Nino Ositashvili- Hotel ‘Vere-Palace’, a manager (accommodation)

9.  Nino Gamrekeli – Exhibition Center, Project manager (exhibitions,  advertisements)

10.  Manuel Faudes – an expert (catering industry)

11.  Lela Garsevanishvili- Second Deputy of the Department of Eurointegration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (English language)

12.  Manana Kutateladze – (Religious monuments of Tbilisi)

13.  Nika Erkomaishvili – Tourist company ‘Georgika-Travel’, President (international tourism)

14.  Giorgi Kalandadze – Tourist company ‘Georgika-Travel’, President (international tourism)

15.  Marika Gorgadze – Tourist company ‘American Express’, manager (international tourism)

16. Ia Tabagari – Company ‘Caucasus Travel’, manager (international tourism).

Editorial board:

Mikheil Jibuti _ Doctor of Economics, Professor

Avtandil Arabuli _ Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor

Mikheil Kurdiani _ Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor

Nikoloz Saakashvili _ Doctor of Medicine

David Onoprishvili _ Doctor of Economics

Irina Gogorishvili _ Doctor of Economics

Tamar Lomidze _ Doctor of Philological Sciences

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The book describes the historical stages of development of tourism and hospitality; essence of tourism and tourist terms; principal types and trends in tourism; tourism motivation; tourist resources and infrastructure; tourist and hospitality industry: means of accommodation, means of transportation and traffic; attractions and animation; tour-operating; advertisement and promotion; information technologies; state regulation of tourism; tourism and legislation; place and role of tourism in the world countries’ economy; tourism economics, tourist market demand and supply; world tourism regions; tourism and environmental management; training professional staff in the field of tourist and hospitality; international tourist organizations; resources, present state and developmental perspectives of tourism of Georgia.
The book also includes: quizzes and practical assignments; web-pages and literary sources for additional information; annexes, which include: commonly used abbreviations, international public holidays; international religious holidays; Orthodox religious holidays (The Lord’s Festivals); national holidays; world holidays, festivals, carnivals; 50 world popular attractions; religious sanctities of Georgia; religious monuments of Tbilisi; architectural monuments in different cities and regions of Georgia; Georgian resorts; natural monuments of Georgia (caves); networks of the world hotels; hotel service signs (pictograms); regular international tourist exhibitions; list of the countries, with which Georgia has bilateral agreements about the visa-free travel for the bearers of diplomatic, office or special passports; cases.
The book is destined for tourism and hospitality workers and students of specialized secondary and high schools as a basic specialty text-book.

Foreword

Tourism plays a special role in the development of the world economy. In the countries with well-developed tourism this is the branch of economy supporting a significant development of trade and service fields promoting the increase of the foreign exchange incomes and employment, preservation and development and most importantly, financial provision of the national traditions and cultural heritage. Therefore, at the transitional stage of shifting to the market economy, tourism is among the priorities in the development of the national economy of our country.

It is true that the Georgian tourism faces a range of problems at present, but its recognition and necessity for its development may be considered as a fact. Besides, we would underline that the revitalization of the Georgian tourism is not only the question of time. The modern tourism business needs attraction of energetic, powerful and creatively active people and education of specialists by equipping them with appropriate knowledge. A number of state universities, faculties and chairs of private higher educational establishments serve this purpose in Georgia.

We should confess that at the present stage of shifting to the market economy, one can hardly find specialties at higher schools, being at least partially provided with modern Georgian text-books, and the field of tourism having acquired the status of the specialty on its own for the last decade is not an exception in this respect, either. As for foreign special literature, generally it lacks any studies or description of the peculiarities of revitalization and development of the tourist industry in our country.

The text-book ‘Principles of Tourism and Hospitality’ by a Doctor of Economical Sciences, Prof. Metreveli M. is a due and proper measure to educate the professional staff in the field of tourism. By using a common language, the text-book describes the established situation in the economy of the branch of tourism, factors influencing it and developmental trends abroad and in our country.

The fact of the mentioned book being a work combining the material describing the tourist potential of the world regions and countries and Georgia among them, its past and present and developmental perspectives is of a special significance. All these materials are necessary not only for educating the national tourism professionals, but at the same time, they form a steady basis for the development of the science of tourism in Georgia. Notably, this is the business, the author of the text-book has been successfully implementing recently.

The fact of the structure and content of the text-book being designed according to the author’s curriculum is very significant. The text-book contains quizzes and cases to check and employ a student’s knowledge of the discussed issues. They enable a student to work on the book independently. Almost all specific terms used in the book are explained in a plain language easily understandable to a reader. This facilitates working with the book and creates the basis to study special tourist disciplines. A great number of Internet-resources (web-pages) enabling a reader to get additional information about the question interesting to him/her is worth mentioning. The information offered in such a great amount about the practical and theoretical issues of international and local tourism will arouse a great interest of the students of higher educational establishments. The book will assist those wishing to be employed in the field of tourism in realizing practical business by modern standards.

Prof. Irina Gogorishvili,
Doctor of Economical Sciences

Editorial board:

Mari Tsereteli – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
Irina Gogorishvili – Doctor of Economics, Professor
Avtandil Arabuli – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
David Onoprishvili – Doctor of Economics

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The present reference book deals with the customs and traditions of the gateway communities of Vashlovani and Lagodekhi Protected Areas founded under the auspices of the law passed by the Parliament of Georgia in 2003 with facilitation of “Georgia’s Protected Areas Development Project” supported by the World Bank and Global Environment Facility.

PREFACE

Creation of protected areas will promote revitalization of historical-cultural traditions of the unity of the nature and the human, preservation of everyday customs and habits and development of tourism in this beautiful corner of Georgia.

Acquainting with the traditional rituals and customs and habits described in the present reference book will help the tourists visiting Eastern Georgia and namely, Kakheti, easily establish contacts with the local people, adapt to a foreign cultural environment and at least partly fill the expected informational vacuum.

Some of the traditions described in the present reference book have been lost by now; others have been faded and are being forgotten. However, most of those traditions are still remembered and followed by the local residents. Consideration of these traditions as a whole unity will help a visitor understand some outlines of the traditional culture of Kakheti and namely, Dedoplistskaro and Lagodekhi Region, Vashlovani and Lagodekhi Protected Areas’ adjacent territories, and consider the changes in the transformed environment.

Editors:
Avtandil Arabuli – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
Marina Metreveli – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Expert in Tourism

Consultants:
Tinatin Gudushauri – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Teimuraz Gvimradze – Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor
Giorgi Natroshvili – Specialist in interpretation of Vashlovan Portected Areas

Photos by:
Avtandil Metreveli, Zaal Oragvelidze

Translators:
Eka Kikvadze, Thea Dolidze

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The book deals with the sustainable development of ecotourism and its relationship with the environmental protection issues; ecotourism, as the basis for the tourism sustainable development, its environmental principles and characteristics; ecotourism planning and management; and measures to minimize the environmental pollution. The annex to the work contains the exemplified information about the activities of the governmental, non-governmental and private organizations and investors and their ecotourism products. There is a tourism terms explanatory dictionary at the end of the book.

The work is destined for the students and teachers of the tourism faculty, specialists employed in the field of tourism and a wide population interested in the tourism and environmental issues.

British Library Integrated Catalog

From the Author

On the background of advance of technique and extensive exploitation of natural resources, maintaining the optimal condition of the environment is a single provision to survive the mankind. Hence, protection and maintenance of the environment, natural resources and cultural heritage is important not only on the local level, but globally as well.

The world’s cultural and natural heritage is one of the most important factors of the development of environmental tourism or ecotourism. This is an important recreational resource, sound exploitation of which is a prerequisite for the economic growth of the country and harmonious development of the regions.

Ecology is closely related to all sectors of the economy. In this regard, tourism is no exception. Development of ecotourism is very important for sustainable tourism development, which means that one of the priorities of tourist activities is a careful use of environment. The concept of ecotourism encompasses a wide range of travels from cognitive tours for pupils to regular visits to national parks and reserves.

According to the prognosis made by experts of the World Tourism Organization, in the XXI century, many countries, especially the developing ones, throughout the world will gain high economic benefit from the development of ecotourism, which will promote the economic growth of these countries, especially in the mountain regions.

The goal of the given work is to introduce to students of tourism department, practitioners engaged in this sector and all others concerned the meaning of ecologically sustainable environment in tourism and the roles of ecotourism, as one of the principle components of the sustainable development of tourism, the impact of tourism on environment and its outcome, the roles of local population, government and private sector the development of ecotourism in the region, planning techniques of contour, safety measures for tourist and management of tourist services. The annex provides information on ecotourism activities and products developed by governmental, non-governmental, private organizations and investors in Georgia. The book also comprises Glossary.

The book will help the reader to not only understand the ecotourism issues, but also to change his/her behavior towards the environment and as a potential tourist be guided by the 10 commandments of ecotourism, compiled by the U.S. Association of travel agencies on environmental protection.

ASTA’s ten commandments on ecotourism

Whether on business or leisure travel:

1. Respect the frailty of the earth.

2. Leave only footprints. Take only photographs.

3. To make your travels meaningful, educate yourself about the geography, customs, manners, and cultures of the region you visit.

4. Respect the privacy and dignity of others.

5. Do not buy products made from endangered plants or animals.

6. Always follow designated trails. Do not disturb animals, plants or their natural habitats.

7. Support conservation-oriented programs and organizations.

8. Walk or utilize environmentally-sound methods of transportation.

9. Patronize those who advance energy and environmental conservation; water and air quality, recycling; safe management of waste toxic materials; noise abatement; community involvement; and which provide experienced, well-trained staff dedicated to strong principles of conservation.

10.Identify those organizations, which subscribe to ASTA Environmental Guidelines for air,   land and sea travel.

Editor:
Onoproshvili D. – Doctor of Economics

Reviewers:
Kajaia G. – Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor
Khelashvili I. – Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor
Gugunashvili Z. – Professor

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PREFACE

The present book is destined for a reader, who is oriented on the professional study of tourism, as that of a business activity and subject of study. A detailed explanation of tourist terms and basic concepts (definitions) is extremely important to perceive the complex processes in fact covering almost every aspect of a human life linked with the process of tourism and questions of formation of the principles of their regulation and realization.

Humankind is engaged in several types of activity, whose origination and life cycle are lost in the eternity, on both sides of time. A man’s nature is structured in the manner that he always tries to make a creature similar to him; a man has a long or short lifespan and a moment of death, but sometimes, a man has a permanent demand to take a rest what he meets with pleasure, and no living organisms can survive without a rest.

This simple, but profound thesis allows defining the ‘rest’, as any human’s life demand and defining the ‘tourism’ as the means of its organization – permanent category of activity.

The residents of our Planet, notwithstanding their residential area, nationality and social status, since the age of pharaohs to present, have always had and will have a rest. Every epoch in the mankind history contains the elements more or less linked to tourism. The people employed in tourism and travel organization always have the employment opportunities in any social formation, and in case of favorable conditions, they are adequately paid and respected.

The modern times are not an exception, either. Just on the contrary, more and more people get interested in tourism and create new opportunities for taking pleasure and entertaining.

Therefore, the people, who have linked their activities to tourism or travel organization, have made a wise choice. As for those, not having made such a decision yet, they will surely join the people mentioned above after reading this book.

The definitions of the terms given in the present book are based on recommendations of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), but consider the national practice and traditions, as well.

In any activity, particularly in those associated with the international deals, the question of definition is particularly urgent. The definition allows the parties to perceive the essence of a proposal, adequately assess the terms of a deal, principles of the normative acts and state of affairs. Any collision in using the terms may yield undesirable results causing further inadequate actions of the parties.

The roots of tourism, as those of a term, should be searched for in French. The question of defining the tourist terms has always been the subject of a severe argument among the apologists of the tourism theory. This is the economics and politics at the same time. In addition, the latter has quite a significant influence on determining the events. In line with the swift developmental rates and formation of the social relations, tourism and its branches, the tourism terms also change. The use of voluntary definitions and corrupted terms in the departmental normative acts leads to the complications of the tourism formalities.

Incorrect definitions and their use without considering their economic or political essence cause significant complications, which occur in evaluating and analyzing the statistical indicators of tourism. More difficult it is to ensure the compliance when the appellations of the documents with the status of strict accountability are confused in one normative act or state standard.

In a number of countries, concluding agreements about using and defining the tourist terms falls within the competence of the national associations and tourist unions. For instance, in Great Britain, the principal data recommended to use with the clients during the contract activities and during the deals with the tourist organizations can be found in one book ‘Tour operator’s Code of Conduct’ (Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA)). Therefore, the problem of terms is solved quite simply. Within the tourism field of Britain, you can never work as a tour operator or tour agent, unless you are a member of ABTA. On the other hand, a member of the Association is obliged to observe the normative acts and guidance of the Association.

The international organizations, primarily aiming at agreeing about the principles of the international statistics, regularly come back to the problem of the definition of the tourist terms. In 1937, the definition of an ‘International Tourist’ was suggested at the National League Conference of Experts’ in Statistics. In 1975, there was established a tourist organization, which made corrections to the definition of the term ‘tourist’ by introducing new concepts of an ‘excursionist’ and ‘transit traveller’ and clearly distinguished these categories of a traveler from that of a tourist. The certain team and economic interests of the countries have an essential influence on the definition of the major terms, which are accepted as the basis of the national normative acts regulating certain relations in the field of tourism.

The present publication misses a chapter ‘System of tourist education’, which, at a reader’s request, is replaced by the chapter ‘Theory of tourist product’ of the particular methodic significance and benefit.

The book was translated, made available to the Georgian readers and published by: Prof. Marina Metreveli, Doctor of Economics

Proofreading by: Prof. Tamar Bukia, Doctor of Technical Sciences

To a Georgian reader

Mikheil Birjakov

This is the book about tourism. It is destined for different kinds of readers. Even the complex theoretical chapters of the book describe the material in a plain and easily understandable language, which can be read and understood by high school students and potential tourists planning to spend a nice holiday. The book gives many useful pieces of advice to the employees of tourist agencies and tourist industries and social administration. Surely, the book ‘Theory of tourism’ will become a reference book for them. Of course, the chapters about the social issues contain the necessary information for tourism students and teachers.

The book ‘Theory of tourism’ is a high-professional and approved book, which has been published many a times and is used by the tourism students of Russia and CIS countries to master the general foundations of different tourist disciplines by detailed learning of the theoretical chapters of the book for more than 10 years.

It should be noted that at one sight, tourism is simple, but in fact, it is a diversified and complex process with its technology developed by the apologists of tourism trends for more that 150 years. In reality, tourism is a rule to lead a diverse life, rest and restore one’s physical and moral forces. Tourism is needed by the people, notwithstanding their age, sex, nationality, race, religion and political creed.

The tourist business is advantageous and profitable, but not every person having decided to be engaged in tourism is successful. Even minor disturbance of the basic principles of tourism may lead to the failure. On the other hand, successful and proficient businessmen, using the basic dogmata in a rational way are always successful.

The book has been translated into the Georgian language for the first time and is made available to the Georgian readers, particularly to the students of the secondary and high schools of tourism of Georgia.

I would like to express my gratitude to Mrs. Marina Metreveli, a Real Member of the International Tourism Academy, who has made special efforts to translate, adapt and publish the present book for a Georgian reader.

As for the readers, I would like to wish them to gain the most beneficial knowledge from the book, which will help them achieve the set aims.

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The book describes the history, present state and developmental trends of the world and Georgian tourism. The subsidiary textbook ‘Tourism’ is destined for the tourism students and specialists and teachers engaged in the field of tourism.

Foreword

Tourism occupies a special place in the development of the world economy. In tourist countries, tourism is an effective means to develop trade and service helping boost the monetary incomes and employment, publicize the national traditions and cultural heritage of the country on the world level and provide finances for their protection.

Therefore, in the transient period to the market economy, tourism is among the priorities of the development of the country’s national economy. It is true that Georgian tourism faces certain problems, but its recognition and necessity for its development may be considered as a set fact. At present, the field of tourism in the country is protected by the relevant legislative base, and we think, the problem of its revival is the matter of time only. At the same time, the business of modern tourism needs attracting and growing up energetic, creative and strong staff and equip them with proper knowledge. In Georgia, these aims are served by the faculties and chairs of the several state and private high schools.

We should confess that in the process of transferring to the market economy, there can hardly be found high school specialties at least partly provided by modern text-books printed in the Georgian language, and tourism is not an exception, either. Tourism has acquired the status of the specialty on its own only in the past decade. As for the non-Georgian special literature, in general, it lacks the studies and descriptions of the revival and developmental peculiarities of the tourist industry of our country. A subsidiary text-book ‘Tourism’ prepared by Metreveli M., Doctor of Economics, Vice Professor of Tbilisi State University of Culture and Arts is a timely and relevant arrangement to educate the professional staff in the field of tourism. The book uses the popular scientific language to describe the present state of the branch economy, factors affecting it and its developmental trends abroad and in our country. Particularly important is that the present text-book is the first work combining the material about the tourism potential of Georgia, its past, present and developmental perspectives what is necessary to train the professional staff in the branch of national tourism. At the same time, it provides a firm basis for creating new Georgian original text-books dedicated to tourism in the near future. This is the task undoubtedly accomplishable by the author.

It is extremely important that the subsidiary text-book ‘Tourism’ is structured according to the curriculum developed by the author of the book and includes the questionnaires about the learned topics. This is a good incentive for the students to work independently. The text-book gives simple and easily understandable explanations of specific terms making the work on the book easy and allowing further studying the special disciplines of tourism. This amount of the theoretical and information materials about the international and local tourism will interest not only the students of tourist industry, but also the specialists and teachers employed in the field of tourism.

Teimuraz Kandelaki,

Doctor of Economics, Professor

Editor:
Teimuraz Kandelaki _ Doctor of Economics, Professor

Reviewers:
Zezva Gugunishvili _ Professor
Ioseb Khelashvili _ Doctor of Geography
Davit Onoproshvili _ Doctor of Economics